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The foreigners registered in Italy in 1981 were just 211. 000, largely from other western European countries and from North America: at the time it was a phenomenon of very modest numerical impact, largely traditional in an attractive country like Italy and that, moreover, it hardly posed problems of coexistence towards people coming from cultures substantially similar to the Italian one and from generally even more advanced socio-economic situations. Ten years later, while the number of residents from those regions…

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Development and growth  Despite ancient craft (and also industrial) traditions, the Italy it was a distinctly rural town until the early twentieth century, perhaps more in terms of social and territorial assets than in terms of the productive economy. After the Second World War, industry spread from the Turin-Milan-Genoa ‘triangle’ to other areas of the Center-North, despite specific industrialization policies in the South and the islands. The post-war recovery was based on basic industry and public works, thanks to the…

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The improvement of international relations – also in relation to the internal crises that emerged in the USSR after Stalin’s death – had beneficial effects on the internal situation of the country. The tripartite coalition, which began not without suspicions and reservations, was strengthened and strengthened on the way to concrete government works. A new liberal split (between 9 and 11 November the left left the PLI, under the banner of the “liberal democratic” party later called “Radical”) had no…

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In these conditions the sen. Merzagora decided to withdraw his candidacy. The votes of the Christian Democratic parliamentarians then converged on the name of the Hon. Gronchi. An almost plebiscitary vote crowned the fourth ballot on 29 April: 658 votes in Gronchi against 70 in Einaudi and 92 blank ballots. According to top-medical-schools, the advent of Giovanni Gronchi at the Quirinale coincided with an important turning point in national life. The new President of the Republic had never made a…

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But the Scelba government also passed that difficult test and was comforted in its work by the success of Trieste’s return to Italy. Already on 8 October 1953, at the time of the Pella government, the Allies had decided to transfer the administration of zone A to Italy. But only the Italo-Yugoslav memorandum of understanding of 5 October 1954 – the result of a patient and shrewd diplomatic work – put an end to the military administration in the two…

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President De Gasperi once again did his utmost to save the possibility of a formula of democratic solidarity, turning to the old allies of the center for a “government of good will”; but he received a firm rejection of the PSDI, the party of the Hon. Saragat who advocated, albeit in an experimental and demonstrative way, a formula of “opening to the left”. With all the possibilities of a coalition vanished, De Gasperi decided to attempt a single-color government: relying…

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What the pessimists feared and predicted happened. The kingdom of France, which already had its eyes on Monferrato, kept them there more, after the construction of that fortress, as it did on the fortress of Pinerolo: that vestibule, this gateway to the Milanese and to Italy. There was a Gonzaga family in France, descended from a brother of Federico first duke, who had settled there, married there with the heiress of the duchy of Nevers. Now watch over the affairs of France Richelieu. And…

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But, in the meantime, mediators, negotiations, the conclusion of an agreement in Asti (June 22, 1615) rather advantageous for him, even if concluded with the hope that in Madrid they would not approve it, and then the mediators, including Venice, would have sided with his part. How it really happened. And then the war burned, in 1616, also by the will of the new and combative governor of Milan, Don Pietro di Toledo. But this time, with closer solidarity between Piedmont and Venice. The…

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According to searchforpublicschools, this situation of Spain in Italy at the beginning of the 17th century and this attitude of opinion give light to the daring policy of initiatives of Duke Carlo Emanuele. The death of Henry IV at first opposed the Duke’s plans. He saw himself in great danger. He had alienated Spain, and he could no longer count on France. Here, Maria de ‘Medici, more disposed towards Spain than towards the duke. Devoid of any point of support, she thought of England, a…

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According to microedu, entire generations of Italian artists hosted Poland and Russia. Lombard architects of the Solari family in the second half of the 15th century built the fortifications of the Kremlin and the palaces of the tsars in Moscow, and the Bolognese Aristotle Fieravanti raised the Cathedral of the Assumption in the Kremlin, where motifs of Lombard-Romanesque architecture are united with elements characteristic of Russian art. The sixteenth century saw the rise in Poland and particularly in Krakow a whole series…

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In France as early as 1461 F. Laurana and Pietro da Milano were working for Renato d’Angiò; Charles VIII brought back from Italy a group of artists and artisans – even a gardener – including Guido Mazzoni who made the mausoleum in Saint-Denis, then destroyed, between Giocondo who built the bridge of Notre-Dame in Paris, Domenico from Cortona who continued to work in France until the middle of the century. XVI, drawing among other things the municipal building of Paris, destroyed in…

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Middle Ages. – Sporadic examples of Italian artists who are called abroad by sovereigns and prelates, have existed since the Carolingian time; but those who really started the glorious tradition of Italian art in the world were the Comacini (v.) and Campionesi masters of the Middle Ages: talented builders who worked throughout Europe. Numerous traces of their work remain: and they are for the most part purely Lombard motifs that are found, often under the coatings and additions of later ages, in the…

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Their financial position, credit and political influence are strengthened by the close relationship in which, at a certain time, they enter with the Holy See. To Italian banks and their branches abroad, the curia entrusts the fiduciary deposit and the transmission to Rome of the sums collected by the collectors of ecclesiastical tithes and income in all parts of the Catholic world, which have grown considerably after the Gregorian reform, which it wanted to be and it was also a strongly…

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But next to them, the very numerous stable population nuclei, which usually are part of a larger city, but sometimes constitute a city in itself, distinct from the other, as in Altoluogo, near ancient Ephesus, at the mouth of the road Baghdād-Constantinople on the Aegean, where, in the 1300s, the Turkish city is high up and the Italian city along the marina. They are the true colonies of the new mercantile bourgeoisie, true offshoots of the motherland, with institutions modeled on…

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According to lawschoolsinusa, this mercantile activity, given the position of the peninsula between the European world and the Greek and Islamic world, soon greatly expanded its sphere. Beyond geography, history helped: that is a certain cosmopolitan tradition, nourished by Rome and the papacy, which later became almost nature. It was moved from the peninsula, in the century. XI, the counter-offensive against Islam and the reconquest of the central Mediterranean. In the century XII and at the beginning of the 13th century, Venetians, Pisans, Genoese, masters…

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Ephemeral unity therefore, after the Ghihellina one, also this papal, Angevin, Guelph unity. Ephemeral, as a unit of domination or political control over the whole peninsula. But both are important as an index and cause of common elements of life, common tendencies and passions and thoughts, from the Alps to Sicily; as an index and cause of corrosion and relaxation of municipal institutions and spirits. This phase of Italian life, marked by the papal, Guelph and Angevin prevalence, is also a phase of…

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While the flourishing Renaissance was taking place, the eclectics arose, led by Sebastiano del Piombo, who put the Venetian tradition in harmony with the Florentine one. Wonderful assimilator of other people’s forms, under the inspiration of Giorgione or Titian, Raphael or Michelangelo, he gives his forms a common imprint of solemn constructive fixity, the same seal of broad and firm style. When Sebastiano was working in Rome, painting in Florence was in crisis. The particular disturbance of a civilization in the slope is…

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A group of Michelangelo’s artists from central and southern Italy, Tribolo, Bandinelli, Montorsoli, Ammannati, Dall’Opera, Benvenuto Cellini, Vincenzo Danti, Caccavello and Naccherino, find correspondences with the Michelangelo’sists in Lombardy and Emilia, Prospero Clemente, the two Lions, the Della Porta family, while the Venetian Michelangeloists are headed by Iacopo Sansovino: Alessandro Vittoria, Girolamo Campagna, Danese Cattaneo, Tiziano Aspetti and later Lombardo. Giambologna arrives, who in marble reduces Michelangelo’s forms to pure academy, while in bronze he finds futuristic forms and pictorial…

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Buonarroti Antonio da San Gallo the Younger followed, who gradually passed from Bramante’s taste to Michelangelo’s; Vasari, Ammannati and Buontalenti, who went towards the pictorial at Palazzo Pitti and in the Medici Casino; Vignola who sometimes, holding back his Michelangeloism, materially followed Bramante, this other came to pure pictorial, as in the Palazzo Bocchi in Bologna and in the staircase of the Caprarola palace. Giacomo della Porta also followed, who translated Michelangelo’s architecture into the academy; Domenico Fontana and Martino Longhi who made the…

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The greatest precursor of the sixteenth century in terms of architecture, was Donato Bramante (1444-1514). His constructions are certainly less pure, less aristocratic, less classical than those of Brunelleschi and Luciano Laurana; they reflect a changing temperament that oscillates from the tendency towards smooth, expansive Lucian surfaces to the love of grandiose overhangs and powerful Roman shadows; freely created motifs overflow; the purely classical elements are accompanied by elements of medieval origin; classicism returns to dominate the overall effect only for the monumental character that…

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Country data Location: Southern Europe Time zone: CET Total area: 301,340 km² Land area: 294,140 km² Water area: 7,200 km² Length of the state border: 1,836 km Bordering countries: France: 476 km Austria: 404 km San Marino: 37 km Switzerland: 698 km Slovenia: 218 km Vatican City: 3 km Coastline: 7,600 km Capital: Rome Regions: 20 Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d ‘ Aosta,…

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